Hating taglines since 2013
Recently I described my friend that I was working with Position-Independent Code on a Cortex-M0 and Cortex-M4 environment. To my surprise, he was more interested about “why” and not “how”. I think before revealing the nitty-gritty details of this domain, I can give readers an overview about things.
Continue reading “Primer and use case of Position-Independent Code in ARM Cortex-M MCU environment”
I have developed in the past month or so a way to have position-independent-code (PIC) firmware image (on ARM Cortex-M0 and Cortex-M4) which can be put (almost) anywhere in flash. I’m still refining the concept and will write an in-depth-article about it. There is a part of the PIC stuff that I can discuss briefly to get us going about THIS article.
Part of the PIC firmware + bootloader has been interrupt vector table relocation. Basically the bootloader needs to read from flash the firmware vector table and copy it to RAM and then point the MCU to use the vector table from RAM. Some of tutorials, videos and comments suggest that bootloader should do the relocation. I have, however, come to the conclusion that this is actually wrong way to proceed. I will try to demonstrate now why.
Continue reading “Firmware interrupt vector table relocation by bootloader considered harmful”
Every seasoned embedded systems engineer faces at some point of their career a problem about needing to put a header to their built firmware image binaries. This header usually contains at least information about what device the image is for and what version number the image is. Checksums are also common.
There are multiple ways of implementing the header. One solution is to just glue it on top of the image and peel it off while updating the firmware via IAP or external programmer means.
Another approach is to place it actually in firmware flash, to a known location, possibly even start of the image, but use a bootloader to jump past the header.
There is however yet another solution I’m going to demonstrate. It is about generating the header template directly into the flash image, and even surprisingly in a way that the MCU can start executing actually from the beginning of the header (template). An external tool is used later to fill in checksum data.
But before continuing, heres a big fat warning:
WE ARE MANIPULATING VECTOR TABLE OFFSETS WHICH IS CONSIDERED DANGEROUS PRACTICE REGARDING ULTIMATE RELIABILITY OF THE RUNNING CODE. YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED.
There. Now lets go on.
We will be working on our trusty old STM32 Nucleo-L432KC and STM32CubeIDE. Example codes are available at https://github.com/usvi/L432KC-dynamic-header .
Continue reading “Dynamically generated MCU binary image header (Arm Cortex-M4)”
In my previous post I was showing a very elementary but outright inefficient way to debug tricky (Arm Cortex-M4) code which was relocated. The full case was/is: There is a bootloader which loads actual firmware binary. Bootloader is at 0x8000000, firmware at 0x8005000. We used a method to load debug values to registers we were monitoring. It worked but was complex and did not address the root cause of mismatched symbols. There is however a way to make the relocated firmware binary to correspond 100% to the debug symbols and debugger screen. Read below to know more.
Continue reading “Properly offsetting relocated (Arm Cortex-M4) code in STM32CubeIDE GDB”
Sometimes you may run into problems when debugging tricky code. This is the case especially with microcontroller code if you are implementing a bootloader+firmware image solution. Debugger started in bootloader goes haywire and displays garbage or nothing at all when jumping to firmware.
Normally one should invest some time in getting debugger symbols aligned properly with source code, but if there are for example some barring deficiencies in environment or debugger UI, one can still figure out a bit more what is going on by using spare register values. Following shows a somewhat obvious, but still possibly helpful technique in brief for aforementioned debugging situations.
UPDATE 2021-08-16:
To get the job actually done, see my follow-up post
But in any case, the rest of the earlier post is here for posterity.
Continue reading “Debugging tricky (Arm Cortex-M4) code with register values”
Turtle Beach headphones are notoriously easy to break and so was the case with my Turtle Beach X12 headset also. They snapped apart:
Actually this was probably my 3rd pair to get busted. I got very angry at Turtle Beach because they designed such a weak point in the product, and angry at myself for buying the same product after every breakage.
With local retail store valuing new set some 100 USD and me wanting to save a bit of environment, I decided to try fixing them.
Continue reading “Fixing snapped Turtle Beach X12 headset with a secret weapon – a metal ruler!”
Last week I got a task to basically resurrect an old MC9S08DZ60 based project. There was no official build environment, only a flaky, undocumented Windows XP virtual machine. So I got my hands dirty and started trying to get Freescale CodeWarrior 6.3 to run on Windows 10.
Continue reading “Getting Freescale CodeWarrior 6.3 to run on Windows 10, the hard way”
My earlier gateway box, the Lanner NCA-1010B decided to stop working, leaving everything as a messy chaos. I gobbled up my retired Zotac Zbox and hastily built a makeshift router.
A long term solution was however needed. I had heard good things from this no-bullshit-geeky Swiss company called PC Engines GmbH. They make a board called APU2E0, among other things. It is a AMD GX-412TC-based SOC product with 2 Intel i211AT NICs. And it does not have regular monitor connections. Instead, there is a DB9 serial port for installation purposes.
The board’s sister version is pictured below for reference.
Continue reading “PC Engines APU2E0 – a tiny fanless server with Intel NICs”
(Executive summary: Some prebuilt packages also available at my site http://alpine.asuka.fi/v3.12/community/ )
Remember my old war horse, the Samsung SCX-3205 black & white printer/scanner? I recently moved in to a house. My girlfriend did not want printer near TV (with my ESXi shoebox) anymore, so I had to invent something else.
I had old Raspberry Pi 2 Model B v. 1.1 around, so I thought I should hook it up with the printer. Unfortunately I ended up compiling the necessary drivers myself because Alpine Linux did not have anything relevant. (I don’t blame them, this is quite outdated and rare.)
BTW Some Prebuilt packages are available at
http://alpine.asuka.fi/
Continue reading “Building Raspberry Pi Alpine Linux drivers (splix) for Samsung SCX-3205”
Have you ever wondered if you could print from your Windows 10 machine to a CUPS printer on your local network? It might be actually quite easy. See this documentation about how I did it with my black & white Samsung SCX-3205 printer.
Continue reading “Making Windows 10 to print to a CUPS printer over the network”